Logopedia jako nauka Tom I - Przedmiot i metodologia badań

The content of the chapter, which is located among methodological, theoretical and conceptual works, reflects the process of building a metatheory concerning logopedics as science in a broad sense ( sensu largo), as well as logopedics in a narrow sense (s ensu stricto). Although logopedics sensu stricto is part of logopedics sensu largo, the borders between them are clear and at the level of metascience – impassable. An intended demarcation radicalism made it possible to distinguish logopedics, which emphasises its links with external conditions of its development (historical, social-cultural, psychological), whose basic research categories are: the subject of speech therapy, the object of speech therapy and speech therapy sensu stricto, as well as logopedics sensu stricto itself, whose components are: research work and its products (the knowledge about the subject of cognition, methodology, terminology). The latter, which is a hard scientific nucleus of logopedics, goes beyond the level of science in the direction of metascience, that is metalogopedics.

Due to the wide variety of research methods on autism, the author sees the need for in- depth methodological reflection before planning own research on semantic and lexical competences in children with autism. For this purpose, using the method of the traditional literautre review she aims to discuss some theoretical problems and formulate conclusions for her own research. Con-cludes that studying linguistic competence in autism requires intensive conceptual work, including in-depth methodological reflection; practical skills within research methods and epistemological awareness. In the final part, she outlines a plan to investigating verb comprehension in autistic children.

Knowledge is organized in the human mind in the form of schemas, scripts, frames and concepts. Logopedics, like other disciplines, perceives the need to describe cognitive schemas/scripts in logopedic diagnosis. The shape of cognitive structures (in the form of schemas, scripts as well as concepts) contained in the mind of a child and an adult represents a person’s store of knowledge, its organization, the way of representing the world, and the abundance of experiences related to the analyzed fragment of reality. According to M. Kielar-Turska, the narrative schema contained in a person’s mind helps and facilitates understanding and remembering of text by that person, and also assists in reproducing it. (2018, p. 76).

The aim of the manuscript is a presentation of different techniques of emotional verbal fluency. They are based on a qualitative-quantitative analysis of word sequences. The emotional verbal fluency techniques allow to describe the organization and internal structure of affective concepts. The sets of generated words reveal the lay-conceptualization of emotions due to the fact that verbal fluency is considered a measure of episodic and semantic memory. The linguistic material obtained through these techniques allowed not only to identify the structure of concepts from five groups of affective concepts i.e. the spectrum of love, joy, fear, sadness, and anger, but also to describe their differentiation due to various characteristics such as sex, age, personality traits or emotionality. The presented research is the first attempt of the use of emotional verbal fluency in description of the structure of emotions concepts in Polish language.

In Polish logopedics there are different interpretations and definitions of the semantic scope of terms that serve to describe abnormalities in the acquisition of native language and its use by the child. Family tradition, different approaches by researchers, and the complexity of the problem make it difficult to introduce a uniform, unequivocal terminology conformant with the Western standards. It is not advisable to excessively build up terminology; however, in the case of terms: speech development disorder, language development disorder, speech development delay, delayed speech development (ORM), differentiation of terms makes sense. The author calls for adopting strictly defined meanings of the foregoing specific concepts in order to facilitate the description of disorder of speech and language development.

In the history of the human species the evolution of linguistic abilities took place with the development of increasingly complex brain structures at many levels of their internal organization. The order of occurrence of successive phases in the process of the development of linguistic abilities in human phylo- and ontogenesis is determined by the principle: from the most primitive to increas-ingly complex. This hierarchy is based on neurobiological determinants – all levels of brain orga-nization take part in the processes of production and reception of utterances. The universal and complete model of man’s development as a species and individual builds the perspective that organizes the knowledge of neurobiological determinants of human linguistic abilities. The article discusses evolution and involution concepts, as well as strategies that should be adopted to stimulate, shape and rebuild linguistic behaviors in children with speech disorders and in adults with neuro-degenerative and involutional changes. These strategies stem from the laws of the development and operation of the human nervous system.

The paper shows cognitive treatments such as the ability of preschool children to capture their knowledge / ignorance in the form of questions. The striving to know the world also manifests itself in definitional, phraseological and argumentative structures, quotations and persuasive forms. It is also visible in the vast area of knowledge / ignorance from various areas of life, e.g. politics, economy, customs, etc. The text of the article also focuses on highlighting children's readiness to be important in the world by discovering irregularities in the behavior of adults.

Since ancient times, analogy, a marvel of the human mind, has been in use to describe linguistic phenomena that shaped the foundations of grammar and perception of a language as an ordered structure. In linguistics, the analogy is reduced to proportion. In the article, by means of multi-element proportions game, the author presents the role of inference by analogy in explaining cognitive and linguistic processes as well as its participation in speech and above all in morpholo-gical efficiency development. The acquired results pinpointed difficulties which pupils, adolescents and students, including hearing impaired, autistic, Asperger, and intellectually disabled ones, experi-ence in respecting the relationship between form and content. Naturally, a need to deepen the study on the lexical-semantic structure advances, definition of development stages and their characteristic features as well as including morphological efficiency in logopaedic diagnosis and language pro-gramming emerges as a consequence of this research.

The mechanism of interaction proposed in the research by Levinson and Holler (2014) in the cultural plane is the basis of intentional human behavior inscribed in the theory of mind. It is the basis for the development of communication competences. In order to understand the meaning of individual words, e.g. personal pronouns, the speaker and the recipient must place them in a social, conceptual and extra-linguistic context known to both the sender of the message and the recipient. Only mastering such factors in communication as: exchange of glances, pointing the finger, imitation and cooperation will allow a person with an autism spectrum to make progress in acquiring language and social communication. In connection with the above, I conducted a study the aim of which was to determine whether there are factors that build the "mechanism of interaction" in the communication of people on the autism spectrum? The research group consisted of 78 people (including 64 boys, 14 girls) with a diagnosed autism spectrum, aged 5–10 years. Method: observation, experiment and statistical description. Conclusions: The set of factors constituting the foundations of social commu-nication (known as the interaction mechanism) is disturbed in the autism spectrum. However, there were differences in their use in early childhood autism and Asperger's syndrome.

The author presents the dilemmas, doubts and necessary decisions that she had to face when designing the research on the efficacy of dyslalia therapy. The presentation is a voice in the discussion on the methodology of research in speech therapy. The issues presented below are as follows: considerations on the definition of the concept of dyslalia therapy effectiveness, selected research problems and research results. The author also points to the limitations of the query.

The chapter discusses the concept of model pronunciation in the context of theatrical stylisation on the example of dialectal stylisation. Characteristic features of the Cracow regional dialect are presented. The dialect lines were analyzed in the stage productions of Stanisław Wyspiański's The Wedding – directed by Andrzej Wajda and Jerzy Grzegorzewski, and in the film by Wajda. It was concluded that there is the need for cooperation of the artistic speech therapist in consulting the sound of the text and the pronunciation of the actors on the stage.

Artistic speech therapy has not developed separate, specific methods, based on the results of experimental research. From the very beginning, this specialization has been using – both in practice and in theoretical reflection – tools developed within the framework of, among others, speech therapy, linguistics and rhetoric. There are elements assessed in artistic speech therapy that do not conform to standardized criteria, which is why it has used, uses and will also use the intuitive knowledge of a speech therapist, e.g. in the assessment of the aesthetic sound of sounds, text interpretation, and vocal qualities. However, when specializing in the field of artistic and media speech therapy, it is also necessary to take into account the results of experimental research, allowing insight into areas that have been relatively rarely studied before, and very important in this specialty, such as the prosodic components of speech or voice.

The text presents the procedure of the pilot-study Normative Maximum Phonation Time (MPT) of young Polish speaking adults. Goal: verification of the tools and methods. Subjects: 43 persons – 22 women, 21 men. Procedure: (1) medical (laryngological, phoniatric, spirometric, and physiotherapeutic) (2) speech-language therapy tasks: lips and tongue movements, emission of sounds [a], [u], [i], [s], [z], [x] staccato and legato with the registration of MPT, reading of the list of words, free speaking. Conclusions: it is the necessity to short the procedure and to develop of data storage system.

The article contains proposal of standards of practice for speech therapy in transgender clients undergoing transition and is the very first attempt to introduce this subject to Polish spee-chlanguage pathologists. In the article the target group has been characterized, its special needs and capabilities have been defined, the basic therapeutic techniques have been presented. The standard was created based on the analysis of foreign (mostly American) materials and publications. Methods used in voice training for actors/singers and in dysphonia speech therapy were adapted accordingly.

This article is an attempt to describe the changes in communication and pragmalinguis-tics in the 21 ^st century that stem from the end of language and print culture, and from the visual- technological revolution. The result of these changes is an importance weight shift in linguistics statements, from intent to outcome, and making linguistic communication into recipient communica-tion for which the sender is still responsible. The need to introduce this change especially concerns communicational public space where people of very different linguistic and general communicational competencies come together. This article contains a description of the conditions where communica-tion between people in this space is successful. By means of topographic metaphor, it is shown what effective communication is about in the communication wetlands and swamps, lowlands and plains, plateaus and highlands, and communication peaks and glaciers as well as between the inhabitants of these different lands.