In the history of the human species the evolution of linguistic abilities took place with the development of increasingly complex brain structures at many levels of their internal organization. The order of occurrence of successive phases in the process of the development of linguistic abilities in human phylo- and ontogenesis is determined by the principle: from the most primitive to increas-ingly complex. This hierarchy is based on neurobiological determinants – all levels of brain orga-nization take part in the processes of production and reception of utterances. The universal and complete model of man’s development as a species and individual builds the perspective that organizes the knowledge of neurobiological determinants of human linguistic abilities. The article discusses evolution and involution concepts, as well as strategies that should be adopted to stimulate, shape and rebuild linguistic behaviors in children with speech disorders and in adults with neuro-degenerative and involutional changes. These strategies stem from the laws of the development and operation of the human nervous system.